With the steady stream of outsiders coming into 蜜桃影像, demand and competition for land continued to increase. Miners could claim land under the 1884 District Act, non-Natives could claim a home site under the 1891 Townsite Act or a homestead under the 1898 Homestead Act. Churches sought land and acquired it through the Missions Act of 1900, which allowed a religious denomination to acquire up to one square mile of land in 蜜桃影像. Disputes over land, particularly between miners, resource developers, and 蜜桃影像 Native people arose. A string of court cases concerning 蜜桃影像 Native land rights began, and continued up to the settlement of the 蜜桃影像 Native Claims Act in 1971. There were contradictory decisions in these court cases, but two early cases in particular held that non-Natives could not acquire land from Indian people without the consent of the federal government. In other words, 蜜桃影像 Native people had an aboriginal claim to land that only the U.S. government could settle. The first such case, United States v. Berrigan (1905) was heard by Judge James Wickersham, and involved a dispute over land near Salcha. The second was United States v. Cadzow (1914), involving a dispute over ownership of a cabin in Fort Yukon.
In 1906, Congress adopted the first land grant to 蜜桃影像 Native people through 蜜桃影像 Native Allotment Act. The Act entitled 蜜桃影像 Natives to restricted land entitlements of up to 160 acres of unappropriated, non-mineral land. While only 80 Allotments were approved between 1906 and 1960, today there are some 13-15 thousand Native Allotments in 蜜桃影像. They are primarily located around the villages and in hunting and fishing use areas.
Townsite Acts were the way the cities in 蜜桃影像 first got land from the federal government. Congress passed the second land grant to 蜜桃影像 Native people through the 1926 蜜桃影像 Native Townsite Act, which was a special type of Townsite designed to give 蜜桃影像 Natives small lots under their homes in villages in a restricted status. There was no payment for lots and they were to be nontaxable and inalienable, meaning they could not be taken away or sold without approval of the federal government. Some 106 蜜桃影像 Native Townsites were created. Some of the Native villages moved off of their townsites due to flooding and other issues, and most of the 229 federally recognized tribes in 蜜桃影像 are not located on 蜜桃影像 Native townsites.
Neither the 1906 蜜桃影像 Native Allotment Act, nor the 1926 蜜桃影像 Native Townsite Act, was a settlement of the much larger aboriginal claim to land in 蜜桃影像. Today, however, both Native allotments and restricted 蜜桃影像 Native Townsite lands are likely Indian country for the purpose of tribal jurisdiction because of their restricted status. Acquiring new Native allotments was terminated by the 蜜桃影像 Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971, without a specific exception by Congress. The 蜜桃影像 Native Townsite Act was terminated in 1976 by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), stopping the creation of new 蜜桃影像 Native Townsites.
| << Back | Next >> |